Verdrag tussen de Regering van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden en de Regering van de Republiek Congo inzake luchtdiensten

Article 1 Definitions For the purpose of this Agreement: a) the term “Aeronautical Authorities” means: for the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Minister of Infrastructure and the Environment; for the Republic of Congo, the Minister of Transports, Civil Aviation and Marine Merchant, or in either case any person or body authorized to perform any functions at present exercised by the said Authorities; b) Annex the terms “Agreed Services” and “Specified Route” mean: International Air Services pursuant to this Agreement and the route specified in theto this Agreement respectively; c) Annex the term “Agreement” means: this Agreement, itsdrawn up in application thereof, as well as any amendment to the Agreement or the Annex; d) Article 96 of the Convention the terms “Air Service”, “International Air Service”, “Airline” shall have the meaning respectively assigned to them in; e) the term “Change of Aircraft” means: the operation of one of the Agreed Services by a Designated Airline in such a way that one or more sectors of the Specified Route are flown by different aircraft; f) Convention on International Civil Aviation Article 90 of that Convention 94 the term “the Convention” means: theopened for signature at Chicago on 7 December 1944, and includes any Annex adopted underand any Amendment of the Annexes or the Convention under Articles 90 andthereof, insofar as those Annexes and Amendments have become effective for, or been ratified by both Contracting Parties; g) Article 3 the term “Designated Airline” means: the Airline which has been designated and authorized in accordance withof this Agreement (Designation and Authorization); h) the term “Stores” means: articles of a readily consumable nature for use or sale on board an aircraft during flight including commissary supplies; i) the term “Prices” means: any amount, excluding government levies, charged or to be charged by the Airline, directly or through their agents, to any person or entity for the carriage of passengers (and their baggage) and cargo (excluding mail) in air transportation, including: (I) the conditions governing the availability and applicability of a Price; and (II) the charges and conditions for any services ancillary to such carriage which are offered by the Airline; j) the term “Territory” in relation to either Contracting Party shall be deemed to be the land areas and territorial waters adjacent thereto under the sovereignty, suzerainty, protection or mandate of the Contracting Party; k) the term “User Charge” means: a charge imposed on Airlines for the provision of airport, air navigation, or aviation security facilities or services including related services and facilities; l) the term “Capacity” means: the combination of frequency per week and (the configuration of) the type of aircraft used on the route offered to the public by the Designated Airline(s); m) Treaty on the European Union Treaty on the functioning of the European Union the term “EU Member State” means: a state that is now or in the future a contracting party to theand the; n) Treaty on European Union Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union the references in this Agreement to “EU Treaties” shall be construed as those made to theand the. 2014 108 02-06-2014 2020 4 23-01-2020 01-02-2020

Article 2 Grant of rights 1 Annex Each Contracting Party grants to the other Contracting Party, except as otherwise specified in the, the following rights for the conduct of international air transportation by the Designated Airline(s) of the other Contracting Party: a) the right to fly across its Territory without landing; b) the right to make stops in its Territory for non-commercial traffic purposes; and c) while operating an Agreed Service on a Specified Route, the right to make stops in its Territory for the purposes of taking up an discharging, international traffic in passengers, cargo and mail, separately or in combination; d) The rights specified in this Agreement. 2 Nothing in paragraph 1 of this article shall be deemed to grant the right for one Contracting Party’s Airline(s) to participate in air transportation between points in the Territory of the other Contracting Party. 2014 108 02-06-2014 2020 4 23-01-2020 01-02-2020

Article 3 Designation and authorization 1 Either Contracting Party shall have the right to designate, by written notification through diplomatic channels to the other Contracting Party, one or more Airlines to operate International Air Services on the Specified Routes and to substitute another Airline for an Airline previously designated. 2 On receipt of such a notification, each Contracting Party shall, without delay, grant to the Airline(s) so designated by the other Contracting Party the appropriate operating authorizations subject to operate the provisions of this Article, unless it is not satisfied that: a) in the case of an Airline designated by the Kingdom of the Netherlands: (i) it is established in the Territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands under the European Union Treaties and has a valid operating license in accordance with European Union law, or (ii) effective regulatory control of the Airline is exercised and maintained by the EU Member State responsible for issuing its Air Operator’s Certificate and the relevant Aeronautical Authority is clearly identified in the designation, or (iii) the Airline is owned, directly or through majority ownership, and is effectively controlled by a Member State of the European Union or European Free Trade Association and/or by nationals of such States; b) in the case of an Airline designated by the Republic of Congo: (i) it is established in the Territory of the Republic of Congo and has a valid operating license in accordance with applicable law of the republic of Congo, or (ii) effective regulatory control of the Airline is exercised and maintained by the Republic of Congo, or (iii) the Airline is owned, directly or through majority ownership, and it is effectively controlled by the Republic of Congo and/or by nationals of the Republic of Congo; and that: c) Article 15 Article 16 the Government designating the Airline is maintaining and administering the standards set forth in(Aviation Safety) and(Aviation Security); and d) the Designated Airline is qualified to meet the conditions prescribed under the laws and regulations normally applied to the operations of international air transportation by the Contracting Party considering the application or applications. 3 Upon receipt of the operating authorization of paragraph 2 of this Article, the Designated Airline(s) may at any time begin to operate the Agreed Services, in part or in whole, provided that it complies with the provisions of this Agreement. 2014 108 02-06-2014 2020 4 23-01-2020 01-02-2020

Article 4 Revocation and suspension of authorization 1 Each Contracting Party shall have the right to withhold, revoke, suspend or limit the operating authorizations of an Airline designated by the other Contracting Party: a) in the case of an Airline designated by the Kingdom of the Netherlands: (i) it is not established in the Territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands under European Union Treaties or does not have a valid operating license in accordance with European Union law; or (ii) effective regulatory control of the Airline is not exercised or not maintained by the EU Member State responsible for issuing its Air Operator’s Certificate, or the relevant aeronautical authority is not clearly identify in the designation; or (iii) the Airline is not owned, directly or through majority ownership, or is not effectively controlled by Member States of the European Free Trade association and/or by nationals of such states, or b) in the case of an Airline designated by the Republic of Congo: (i) it is not established in the Territory of the Republic of Congo or has no valid operating license in accordance with applicable law of the Republic of Congo; or (ii) effective regulatory control of the Airline is not exercised or not maintained by the Republic of Congo; or (iii) the Airline is not owned, directly or through majority ownership, or is not effectively controlled by Republic of Congo and/or by nationals of Republic of Congo; c) Article 13 in case the Airline has failed to comply with the laws and regulations referred to in(Application of Laws, Regulations and Procedures) of this Agreement; d) Article 15 in case the other Contracting Party is not maintaining and administering the standards set forth in(Aviation Safety) of this Agreement; e) Convention in the event of failure by such Airline to qualify before the Aeronautical Authorities of the Contracting Party assessing the authorization, under the laws and regulations normally and reasonably applied to operation of International Air Services by these Authorities in conformity with the; or f) in case the Airline otherwise fails to operate in accordance with the conditions prescribed under this Agreement. 2 Unless immediate action is essential to prevent further non-compliance with paragraph 1 of this article, the rights established by this Article shall be exercised only after consultation with the other Contracting Party, unless otherwise agreed by the Contracting Parties; such consultations shall begin within a period of sixty (60) days from the date of receipt of the request. 3 Article 16 This Article does not limit the rights of either Contracting Party to withhold, revoke, limit or impose conditions on the operating authorization of an Airline or Airlines of the other Contracting Party in accordance with the provisions of(Aviation Security) of this Agreement. 2014 108 02-06-2014 2020 4 23-01-2020 01-02-2020

Article 5 Prices 1 Each Contracting Party shall allow Prices for air transportation to be established by each Designated Airline based upon commercial considerations in the marketplace. Intervention by the Contracting Parties shall be limited to: a) prevention of unreasonably discriminatory Prices or practices; b) protection of consumers from prices that are unreasonably high or restrictive because of the abuse of a dominant position; and c) protection of Airlines from Prices that are artificially low due direct or indirect governmental subsidy or support. 2 Neither Contracting Party shall require notification or filing of any Price to be charged by the Designated Airline or Airlines of the other Contracting Party. Prices may remain in effect unless subsequently disapproved under paragraph 3 of this Article. 3 Neither Contracting Party shall take unilateral action to prevent the inauguration or continuation of a Price charged or proposed to be charged by (a) an Airline of either Contracting Party for international air transportation between the territories of the Contracting Parties, or (b) an Airline of one Contracting Party for international air transportation between the Territory of the other Contracting Party and any other country. If either Contracting Party considers any such Price is inconsistent with the considerations set forth in paragraph (1) of this Article, it shall request consultations and notify the other Contracting Party of the reasons for its dissatisfaction as soon as possible. These consultations shall be held not later than thirty (30) days after receipt of the request, and the Contracting Parties shall cooperate in securing information necessary for reasoned resolution of the issue. If the Contracting Parties reach agreement with respect to a Price for which a notice of dissatisfaction has been given, each Contracting Party shall use its best efforts to put that agreement into effect. Without such mutual agreement, the new Price shall not take effect nor continue to be in effect. 4 Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Designated Airlines of one Contracting Party shall provide, on request, to the Aeronautical Authorities of the other Contracting Party the information relating to the establishment of the Prices, in a manner and format as specified by such Authorities. 5 No Contracting Party shall impose on the other Contracting Party’s Designated Airlines a first-refusal requirement, uplift ratio, no-objection fee, or any other requirement with respect to Capacity, frequency or traffic that would be inconsistent with the purposes of this Agreement. 2014 108 02-06-2014 2020 4 23-01-2020 01-02-2020

Article 6 Commercial activities 1 The Designated Airline(s) of each Contracting Party shall be allowed: a) to establish in the Territory of the other Contracting Party offices for the promotion and sale of air transportation and ancillary or supplemental services (including the right to sell and to issue any ticket and/or airway bill, both its own tickets and/or airway bills and any other Airline) as well as other facilities required for the provision of air transportation; b) in the Territory of the other Contracting Party to engage directly and, at its discretion, through its agents, and/or other Airlines in the sale of air transportation and ancillary or supplemental services; and c) to sell such transportation and ancillary or supplemental services and any person shall be free to purchase such transportation or services in any currency. 2 The Designated Airline(s) of each Contracting Party shall be allowed to bring in and maintain in the Territory of the other Contracting Party its managerial, commercial, operational and technical staff as it may require in connection with the provision of air transportation and ancillary or supplemental services. 3 These staff requirements may, at the option of the Designated Airline, be satisfied by its own personnel or by using the services of any other organization, company or Airline operating in the Territory of the other Contracting Party, authorized to perform such services in the Territory of that Contracting Party. 4 Each Designated Airline shall have the right to perform its own ground handling in the Territory of the other Contracting Party (“self handling”), or, at its option, select among competing agents or Airlines, for such services in whole or in part. This right shall be subject only to physical constraints resulting from considerations of airport safety. Where such considerations preclude self handling, ground services shall be available on an equal basis to all Airlines; charges shall be based on the costs of services provided; and such services shall be comparable to the kind and quality of services as if self handling were possible. 5 In operating or holding out the Air Services on the Specified Routes, each Designated Airline of a Contracting Party may enter into commercial and/or cooperative marketing arrangements under the following conditions: a) The commercial and/or cooperative marketing arrangements may include, but shall not be limited to blocked-space, code-sharing and leasing arrangements, with: (i) the Designated Airline(s) of the same Contracting Party; (ii) the Designated Airline(s) of the other Contracting Party, including domestic code share; (iii) The designated Airline(s) of a third country; (iv) A cargo surface transportation provider of any country. b) The operating Airline(s) involved in the co-operative marketing arrangements shall hold the underlying traffic rights including the route rights and the Capacity entitlements and meet the requirements normally applied to such arrangements; c) All marketing Airlines involved in the co-operating arrangements shall hold the underlying route rights and meet the requirements normally applied to such arrangements; d) The total Capacity operated by the Air Services performed under such arrangements shall be counted only against the Capacity entitlement of the Contracting Party designating the operating Airline(s). The Capacity offered by the marketing Airline (s) on such Services shall not be counted against the Capacity entitlement of the Contracting Party designating that Airline; e) When holding out Air Services for sale under such arrangements, the Airline concerned or its agent shall make it clear to the purchaser at the point of sale as to which Airline shall be the operating Airline on each sector of the Air Service and with which Airline(s) the purchaser is entering into a contractual relationship; and f) These provisions shall be applicable to passenger, combination and all-cargo Air Services. 6 Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, the Designated Airline(s) and indirect providers of air transportation of either of the Contracting Parties shall be permitted, without restriction, to employ in connection with international air transportation any surface transportation for passengers, baggage, cargo and mail to or from any points in the Territory of either of the Contracting Parties or in third countries, including transport to and from all airports with customs facilities, and including, where applicable, the right to transport cargo and mail in bond under applicable laws and regulations. Such passengers, baggage, cargo and mail, whether moving by surface or by air shall have access to airport customs processing and facilities. The Designated Airline(s) may elect to perform their own surface transportation or to provide it through arrangements with other Airlines and indirect providers of air cargo transportation. Such intermodal services may be offered at single, through price for the air and surface transportation combined, provided that passengers and shippers are not misled as to the facts concerning such transportation. 7 The activities mentioned in this article shall be carried out in accordance with the laws and regulations of the other Contracting Party. In case of the European part of the Netherlands this includes applicable European Union law. 2014 108 02-06-2014 2020 4 23-01-2020 01-02-2020

Article 7 Change of aircraft 1 On any segment or segments of the Specified Routes, a Designated Airline may perform international air transportation without any limitation as to change at any point on the Specified Route, in type or number of aircraft operated, provided that in the outbound direction the transportation beyond such point is a continuation of the transportation from the Territory of the Contracting Party that has designated the Airline and, in the inbound direction, the transportation to the Territory of the Contracting Party that has designated the Airline is a continuation of the transportation from beyond such point. 2 For the purpose of Change of Aircraft operations, a Designated Airline may use its own equipment and, subject to national regulations, leased equipment, and may operate under commercial and/or cooperative marketing arrangements with other Airlines. 3 A Designated Airline may use different or identical flight numbers for the sectors of its Change of Aircraft operations. 2014 108 02-06-2014 2020 4 23-01-2020 01-02-2020

Article 8 Fair competition 1 Each Contracting Party shall allow a fair and equal opportunity for each Designated Airline to compete in providing the international air transportation governed by this Agreement. 2 Each Contracting Party shall take all appropriate action within its jurisdiction to eliminate all forms of discrimination or unfair competitive practices adversely affecting the competitive position of a Designated Airline of the other Contracting Party. 3 Article 15 of the Convention Each Contracting Party shall allow each Designated Airline to determine the frequency and Capacity of the international air transportation it offers based upon commercial considerations in the marketplace. Consistent with this right, neither Contracting Party shall unilaterally limit the volume of traffic, frequency or regularity of service, or the aircraft type(s) operated by the Designated Airline(s) of the other Contracting Party, except as may be required for customs, technical, operational, or environmental reasons under uniform conditions consistent with. 4 Neither Contracting Party shall impose on the other Contracting Party’s Designated Airline(s) a first-refusal requirement, uplift ratio, no-objection fee, or any other requirement with respect to Capacity, frequency or traffic that would be inconsistent with the purpose of this Agreement. 2014 108 02-06-2014 2020 4 23-01-2020 01-02-2020

Article 9 Taxes, customs duties and other charges 1 Aircraft operating on International Air Services by the Designated Airline(s) of either Contracting Party, as well as their regular equipment, spare parts, supplies of fuels and lubricants, stores as well advertising and promotional material kept on board such aircraft shall, on the basis of reciprocity, be exempt from all customs duties, inspection fees and similar national or local duties and charges, on arrival in the Territory of the Contracting Party, provided such equipment and supplies remain on board the aircraft up to such time as they are re-exported. 2 With regard to regular equipment, spare parts, supplies of fuels and lubricants and Stores introduced into the Territory of one Contracting Party by or on behalf of a Designated Airline of the other Contracting Party or taken on board the aircraft operated by such Designated Airline and intended solely for use on board that aircraft while operating International Air Services, no duties and charges, including customs duties and inspection fees imposed in the Territory of the first Contracting Party, shall be applied, even when these supplies are to be used on the parts of the journey performed over the Territory of the Contracting Party in which they are taken on board. The articles referred to above may be required to be kept under customs supervision and control. The provisions of this paragraph cannot be interpreted in such a way that a Contracting Party can be made subject to the obligation to refund customs duties which already have been levied on the items referred to above. 3 Regular airborne equipment, spare parts, supplies of fuels and lubricants and Stores retained on board the aircraft of either Contracting Party may be unloaded in the Territory of the other Contracting Party only with the approval of the customs authorities of that Contracting Party, who may require that these materials be placed under their supervision up to such time as they are re-exported or otherwise disposed of in accordance with customs regulations. 4 Baggage, cargo and mail in transit shall be exempt from customs duties and other similar taxes. 5 The exemptions provided by this Article shall also be available where a Designated Airline(s) of one Contracting Party has contracted with another Airline, which similarly enjoys such exemption from the other Contracting Party, for the loan or transfer in the Territory of the other Contracting Party of the items specified in paragraph 1, 2, and 3 of this Article. 6 Nothing in this Agreement shall prevent the kingdom of the Netherlands from imposing, on a non-discriminatory basis, taxes, levies, duties, fees or charges on fuel supplied in the Territory of the European part of the Netherlands for use in aircraft of a Designated Airline of the Republic of Congo that operates between a point in the Territory of the European part of the Netherlands and the territory of another EU Member State. 2014 108 02-06-2014 2020 4 23-01-2020 01-02-2020

Article 10 User charges 1 User Charges that may be imposed and/or controlled by the competent charging authorities or bodies of each Contracting Party on the Airline(s) of the other Contracting Party shall be just, reasonable, not unjustly discriminatory, and equitably appointed among categories of users. In any event, any such User Charges shall be assessed on the Airlines of the other Contracting Party on terms not less favorable than the most favorable terms available to any other Airline at the time the charges are assessed. 2 User Charges imposed on the Airline(s) of the other Contracting Party may reflect, but shall not exceed, the full cost to the competent charging authorities or bodies of providing the appropriate airport, airport environmental, air navigation, and aviation security facilities and services at the airport or within the airport system. Such full cost may include a reasonable return on assets, after depreciation. Facilities and services for which charges are made shall be provided on an efficient and economic basis. 3 Each Contracting Party shall encourage consultations between the competent charging authorities or bodies in its Territory and the Airline(s) using the services and facilities, and shall encourage the competent charging authorities or bodies and the Airline(s) to exchange such information as may be necessary to permit an accurate review of the reasonableness of the charges in accordance with the principles of paragraphs (1) and (2) of this Article. 4 Neither Contracting Party shall be held to be in breach of a provision of this Article, unless: (i) it fails to undertaken a review or the charge or practice that is the subject of complaint by the other Contracting Party within a reasonable amount of time; or (ii) following such a review it fails to take all steps within its power to remedy any charge or practice that is inconsistent with this Article. 2014 108 02-06-2014 2020 4 23-01-2020 01-02-2020

Article 11 Double taxation 1 Profits from the operation of aircraft in international traffic shall be taxable only in the State in which the place of effective management of the Designated Airline is situated. 2 Gains from the alienation of aircraft operated in international traffic or movable property pertaining to the operation of such aircraft, shall be taxable only in the State in which the place of effective management of the Designated Airline is situated. 3 The provisions of this Article shall also apply to income and profits from the participation in a pool, a joint business, a cooperative marketing arrangement or an international operating agency. 4 The provisions of this Article shall also apply to taxes levied on the basis of the gross receipts in respect of the carriage of passengers and cargo in international traffic. 5 The place of effective management of the enterprise of Koninklijke Luchtvaartmaatschappij N.V. (KLM N.V.) shall be deemed to be situated in the Netherlands, as long as the Netherlands has an exclusive taxing right with respect to the enterprise of KLM N.V. under the tax agreement concluded between the Netherlands and France. 6 The provision of paragraph 5 shall also apply in any situation where the air transport activities of the existing KLM N.V. would be continued fully or substantially by another person. This person shall be considered to be a resident of the Netherlands for the purposes of this Agreement. 7 Remuneration derived by a resident of a Contracting Party in respect of an employment exercised aboard an aircraft operated in international traffic, shall be taxable only in that Contracting Party. 8 If an agreement between the Contracting Parties on avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion on income (hereinafter: “tax agreement”) in which air transport is addressed envisages procedures different from those referred to in the previous paragraphs of this Article, the provisions of the tax agreement shall be applicable. 2014 108 02-06-2014 2020 4 23-01-2020 01-02-2020

Article 12 Currency conversion and transfer of funds 1 Each Designated Airline(s) shall have the right to convert and remit to its country, on demand, at the official rate of exchange, the excess of receipts over expenditures achieved in connection with the carriage of traffic. The above mentioned transfer shall be made in convertible currencies and in accordance with the national laws and foreign exchange regulations applicable. 2 On a basis of reciprocity, the conversion and remittance of such revenues shall be permitted without restriction at the rate of exchange applicable to current transactions which is in effect at the time such revenues are presented for conversion and remittance, and shall not be subject to any charges except those normally made by banks for carrying out such conversion and remittance. 3 The Designated Airline(s) of each Contracting Party shall have the right at their discretion to pay for local expenses, including purchases of fuel, in the Territory of the other Contracting Party in local currency or in freely convertible currencies. 4 The Designated Airline(s) of each Contracting Party shall receive approval for such transfer within at most thirty (30) days of application, into any currency, at the official rate of exchange for conversion of local currency, as at the date of sale. The Designated Airline(s) of each Contracting Party shall be entitled to effect the actual transfer on receipt of approval. 2014 108 02-06-2014 2020 4 23-01-2020 01-02-2020

Article 13 Application of laws, regulations and procedures 1 The laws, regulations and procedures of either Contracting Party relating to the entrance or entry into, or departure from its Territory of aircraft engaged in International Air Services, or to the operation and navigation of such aircraft, shall be complied with by the Designated Airline(s) of the other Contracting Party upon their entrance into, and until and including their departure from the said Territory. 2 The laws, regulations and procedures of either Contracting Party relating to immigration, passports, or other approved travel documents, entry, clearance, customs and quarantine shall be complied with, by crews or passengers, and/or on behalf of cargo and mail carried by aircraft of the Designated Airline(s) of the other Contracting Party upon their entrance into, and until and including their departure from the Territory of the said Contracting Party. 3 Passengers, baggage, cargo and mail in transit across the Territory of either Contracting Party and not leaving the area of the airport reserved for such purpose shall, except in respect of security measures against violence and air piracy, be subject to no more than a simplified control. 4 Neither of the Contracting Parties shall give preference to any other Airline over the Designated Airline of the other Contracting Party in the application of its customs, immigration, quarantine, and similar regulations; or in the use of airports, airways and air traffic services and associated facilities under its control. 5 Each Contracting Party shall, upon request of the other Contracting Party, supply copies of the relevant laws, regulations and procedures referred to in this Agreement. 2014 108 02-06-2014 2020 4 23-01-2020 01-02-2020

Article 14 Recognition of certificates and licenses 1 Convention Certificates of airworthiness, certificates of competency and licenses issued, or rendered in reciprocity, by one Contracting Party and still valid, shall be recognized as valid by the other Contracting Party for the purpose of operating the agreed services on the Specified Routes, provided that the requirements under which such certificates and licenses were issued, or rendered in reciprocity, are equal to or higher than the minimum requirements which are, or may be in the future, established under the. 2 Each Contracting Party, however, reserves the right to refuse to recognize, for flights above its Territory, certificates and competency and licenses granted to or validated for its own nationals by the other contracting party. 2014 108 02-06-2014 2020 4 23-01-2020 01-02-2020

Article 15 Aviation safety 1 Each Contracting Party may request consultations at any time concerning safety standards in any area relating, to air crew, aircraft or their operation adopted by other Contracting Party. Such consultations shall take place within thirty (30) days of that request. 2 Convention Article 4 If following such consultations, one Contracting Party finds that the other Contracting Party does not effectively maintain and administer safety standards and requirements in any such area that are at least equal to the minimum standards established at that time pursuant to the, the first Contracting Party shall notify the other Contracting Party of those findings and the steps considered necessary to conform with those minimum standards, and that other Contracting Party shall take appropriate corrective action within 15 days or such longer period as may be agreed. If the Other Contracting Party does not act accordingly, this shall be grounds for the application ofof this Agreement (Revocation and Suspension of Authorization). 3 Article 33 of the Convention Notwithstanding the obligations mentioned in, it is agreed that any aircraft operated by or under a lease arrangement, on behalf of the Airline or Airlines of one Contracting Party on services to or from the Territory of the other Contracting Party may, while within the Territory of the other Contracting Party, be the subject of an examination by the authorized representatives of the other Contracting Party, on board and around the aircraft, to check both the validity of the aircraft documents and those of its crew and the apparent conditions of the aircraft and its equipment (ramp inspections), provided this does not lead to unreasonable delay. 4 If any such ramp inspection or series of ramp inspections gives rise to: Article 33 of the Convention the Contracting Party carrying out the inspection shall, for the purpose of, be free to conclude that requirements under which the certificate or licenses in respect of that aircraft or in respect of that aircraft or in respect of the crew of that aircraft has been issued or rendered valid, or that the requirements under which that aircraft is operated, are not equal to or above the minimum standards established pursuant to the Convention. a) Convention serious concerns that an aircraft or the operation of an aircraft does not comply with the minimum standards established at that time pursuant to the, or b) Convention serious concerns that there is a lack of effective maintenance and administration of safety standards established at that time pursuant to the, 5 In the event that access for the purpose of undertaking a ramp inspection of an aircraft operated by the Airline or Airlines of one Contracting Party in accordance with paragraph 3 of this Article is denied by the representative of that Airline or Airlines, the other Contracting Party shall be free to infer that serious concerns of the type referred to in paragraph 4 above arise and to draw the conclusions referred in that paragraph. 6 Each Contracting Party reserves the right to suspend or vary the operating authorization of an Airline or Airlines of the other Contracting Party immediately in the case the first Contracting Party concludes, whether as a result of a ramp inspection, a series of ramp inspections, a denial of access for ramp inspection, consultations or otherwise, that immediate action is essential to the safety of the airline operation. 7 Any action by one Contracting Party in accordance with the previous paragraphs of this Article shall be discontinued once the basis for the taking of that action ceases to exist. 8 Each Contracting Party shall see to it that Designated Airline(s) will be provided with communicative, aviation and meteorological facilities and any other services necessary for the safe operations of the agreed services. 2014 108 02-06-2014 2020 4 23-01-2020 01-02-2020

Article 16 Aviation security 1 Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation Protocol for the suppression of unlawful acts of violence at airports serving international civil aviation Convention on the marketing of plastic explosives for the purpose of detection The Contracting Parties reaffirm, consistent with their rights and obligations under international law, that their mutual obligations to each other to protect the safety of civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference forms an integral part of this Agreement. Without limiting the generality of their rights and obligations under international law, the Contracting Parties shall act specifically in conformity with the provisions of the, signed at Tokyo on 14 September 1963, the, signed at the Hague on 16 December 1970, the, signed at Montreal on 23 September 1971, its supplementary, signed at Montreal on 24 February 1988, the, signed at Montreal on 1 March 1991, and any other convention on aviation security to which the Contracting Parties shall become party. 2 The Contracting Parties shall provide upon request all necessary assistance to each other to prevent acts of unlawful seizure of civil aircraft and other unlawful acts against the safety of such aircraft, their passengers and crew, airports and air navigation facilities, and any other threat to security of civil aviation. 3 Convention The Contracting Parties shall, in their mutual relations, act in conformity with the standards of aviation security and, so far as they are applied by them, the recommended practices established by the International Civil Aviation Organization and designated as Annexes to the. They shall require that operators of aircraft of their registry, operators who have their main place of business or permanent residence in their Territory, and the operators of airports in their Territory, act in conformity with such aviation security provisions. In this paragraph, the reference to aviation security standards includes any difference notified by the Contracting Parties. 4 Each Contracting Party Shall ensure that effective measures are taken within its Territory to protect aircraft, to screen passengers and their carry-on items, and to carry out appropriate checks on crew, cargo (including hold baggage) and Stores prior to and during boarding or loading, and that those measures are adjusted to meet any increased threat. Each Contracting Party agrees that its Designated Airline(s) shall be required to observe the aviation security provisions referred to in paragraph 3 above, required by the other Contracting Party for entrance into, departure from, or while within the Territory of that other Contracting Party. Each Contracting Party shall also act favorably upon any request from the other Contracting Party for reasonable special security measures to meet a particular threat. 5 When an incident or threat of an incident of unlawful seizure of civil aircraft or other unlawful acts against the safety of such aircraft, their passengers and crew, airports or air navigation facilities occurs, the Contracting Parties shall provide mutual assistance by facilitating communications and other appropriate measures intended to terminate as rapidly as possible, commensurate with minimum risk to life, such incident or threat. 6 When a Contracting Party has reasonable grounds to believe that the other Contracting Party has departed from the provisions of this article, the first Contracting Party may request immediate consultations with the other Contracting Party. Such consultations shall take place within 30 days of that request. These consultations will be aimed at reaching an agreement upon the measurable suitable to eliminate the more immediate reasons of concern and at adopting, within the framework of the ICAO security standards, the actions necessary to establish the appropriate conditions of security. 7 Each Contracting Party shall take such measures, as it may find practicable, to ensure that an aircraft subject to an act of unlawful seizure or other acts of unlawful interference which has landed in its Territory, is retained on the ground unless its departure is necessitated by the overriding duty to protect human life. Wherever practicable, such measures shall be taken on the basis of mutual consultations. 2014 108 02-06-2014 2020 4 23-01-2020 01-02-2020

Article 17 Timetable paragraph 2 of article 8 Annex Neither Contracting Party shall require the filing of schedules, programs for flights nor operational plans by Designated Airline(s) of the other Contracting Party for approval, except as may be required on a non-discriminatory basis to enforce the uniform conditions foreseen by(Fair competition) or as may be specifically authorized in theto this Agreement. If a Contracting Party requires filings for information purposes, it shall minimize the administrative burdens of filing requirements and procedures on air transportation intermediaries and on the Designated Airline(s) of the other Contracting Party. 2014 108 02-06-2014 2020 4 23-01-2020 01-02-2020

Article 18 Consultations and amendment 1 In a spirit of close co-operation the Aeronautical Authorities of the Contracting Parties may consult each other from time to time with a view to ensuring the implementation of, satisfactory compliance with, the provisions of this Agreement. 2 Annex Either Contracting Party may request consultations with a view to amend this Agreement and or its. These consultations shall begin within sixty (60) days from the date of the receipt of the request by the other Contracting Party, unless otherwise agreed. Such consultations may be conducted through discussion or by correspondence. 3 This Agreement shall be amended through an exchange of diplomatic notes and the amendments shall come into force on the date of the later written notification in which the Contracting Parties have informed each other of the completion of their respective constitutional requirements. 4 Section I of the Annex Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 3 above any amendment ofto this Agreement shall be agreed upon by the Aeronautical Authorities, through an exchange of diplomatic notes, and shall take effect on a date to be determined in the notes. 2014 108 02-06-2014 2020 4 23-01-2020 01-02-2020

Article 19 Settlement of disputes 1 If any dispute arises between the Contracting Parties relating to the interpretation or application of this Agreement, the Contracting Parties shall in first place endeavour to settle their dispute by bilateral negotiations between Aeronautical Authorities of both Contracting Parties. 2 If the said Aeronautical Authorities fail to reach a settlement by negotiation, the dispute shall be settled through diplomatic channels. 3 If the Contracting Parties fail to reach a settlement by negotiations and through diplomatic channels, the dispute may at the request of either Contracting Party be submitted for decision to a tribunal of three arbitrators, one to be nominated by each Contracting Party and the third to be agreed upon by the two arbitrators so chosen, provided that such third arbitrator shall not be a national of either Contracting Party. Each of the Contracting Parties shall designate an arbitrator within a period of sixty (60) days from the date of receipt by either Contracting Party from the other Contracting Party of diplomatic note requesting arbitration of the dispute and the third arbitrator shall be agreed upon within a further period of sixty (60) days. If either of the Contracting Parties fails to designate its own arbitrator within the period indicated, or if the third arbitrator is not agreed upon within the period indicated, the President of the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization may be requested by either Contracting Party to appoint an arbitrator or arbitrators. 4 The arbitral tribunal will make its decision by majority votes. This decision shall be binding on both Contracting Parties and each Contracting Party shall comply with this decision. Each Contracting Party shall bear the expenses arising from participation in the deliberations of its arbitrator. Expenses related to participation of the President of the arbitral tribunal and other similar expenses should be shared equally between the Contracting Parties. The arbitral tribunal shall determine independently the work procedure to follow for all other issues. 2014 108 02-06-2014 2020 4 23-01-2020 01-02-2020

Article 20 Duration and termination 1 Either Contracting Party may, at any time, give notice in writing through diplomatic channels to the other Contracting Party of its decision to terminate this Agreement. 2 Such notice shall be simultaneously communicated to the International Civil Aviation Organization. In such case, this Agreement shall terminate twelve (12) months after the date of receipt of the notice by the other Contracting Party, unless the notice to terminate is withdrawn by agreement before the expiry of this period. In the absence of acknowledgement of receipt of the notice of termination by the other Contracting Party, such notice shall be deemed to have been received fourteen (14) working days after the receipt of that notice by the International Civil Aviation Organization. 2014 108 02-06-2014 2020 4 23-01-2020 01-02-2020

Article 21 Registration with icao This Agreement shall be registered with the International Civil Aviation Organization. 2014 108 02-06-2014 2020 4 23-01-2020 01-02-2020

Article 22 Applicability of multilateral agreements and conventions 1 Convention The provisions of theshall be applicable to this Agreement. 2 If a multilateral agreement or convention, accepted by both Contracting Parties, concerning any matter covered by this Agreement, enters into force, the relevant provisions of that multilateral agreement or convention shall supersede the relevant provisions of this Agreement. 3 The Contracting Parties may consult each other to determine the consequences for the agreement of the supersession, as mentioned under paragraph 2 of this article and to agree upon required amendments to the agreement. 2014 108 02-06-2014 2020 4 23-01-2020 01-02-2020

Article 23 Applicability of the agreement As regards to the Kingdom of the Netherlands this Agreement shall apply to the Territory of the European part of the Netherlands. 2014 108 02-06-2014 2020 4 23-01-2020 01-02-2020

Article 24 Entry into force 1 This Agreement shall come into force on the first day of the second month following the date on which the Contracting Parties have informed each other in writing that the formalities and constitutional requirements for its entry into force in their respective countries have been complied with. 2 Air Transport Agreement between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and People’s Republic of the Congo Theof 3 February 1969, signed at The Hague, shall cease to have effect on the date of entry into force of this Agreement. 2014 108 02-06-2014 2020 4 23-01-2020 01-02-2020